Terms & Definitions

Welcome

Welcome to our comprehensive and informative Irrigation and Sprinkler Related Terms & Definitions page, tailored to benefit both seasoned professionals and aspiring irrigation technicians alike. Whether you’re a seasoned pro looking to brush up on your knowledge or a budding technician eager to sound like an expert, this page is the perfect resource for you.

With over 350 carefully curated terms and definitions, organized in alphabetical order for easy reference, this page offers a wealth of information that can help elevate your understanding of irrigation practices. As an average irrigation technician, you can delve into essential concepts like “Backflow Preventer” and “Drip Irrigation,” gaining insights that will impress your clients and colleagues.

Our aim is to empower you with the language and know-how to tackle irrigation challenges with confidence. By exploring advanced techniques like “Automated Zone Management” and “Xeriscaping,” you can broaden your expertise and position yourself as a seasoned professional.

Whether you’re in the field, talking with customers, or collaborating with peers, our page equips you with the terminology and expertise to communicate effectively. With a deeper understanding of the intricacies of irrigation and sprinkler systems, you’ll be well-equipped to offer valuable insights and deliver top-notch service to your clients.

So, let this page be your trusted companion on your journey to becoming a seasoned pro in the world of irrigation. Whether you’re looking to optimize existing systems, install new ones, or simply enhance your knowledge, our comprehensive collection of terms and definitions will empower you to excel in your field. Embrace the opportunity to learn, grow, and confidently navigate the complexities of irrigation, and let your expertise shine bright!

A

Abscission: The natural shedding or dropping of leaves or fruits from plants, influenced by factors such as water availability.

Absorption Rate: The rate at which soil can absorb water without runoff or puddling.

Acid Injection: The process of adding acid to irrigation water to adjust the pH level and reduce bicarbonates.

Adjustable Nozzle: A type of sprinkler head with adjustable settings to change the spray pattern, radius, or flow rate.

Aerification: The process of perforating the soil to improve air and water penetration, promoting healthier root growth.

Agroforestry: The practice of integrating trees, crops, and/or livestock in a farming system, often incorporating irrigation strategies.

Air Gap: A physical separation between the end of an irrigation system and potential sources of contamination, preventing backflow.

Air Relief Valve: A valve used to release air trapped in the irrigation system to prevent airlocks and ensure proper water flow.

Alkalinity: The measurement of water’s capacity to neutralize acids, affecting the pH level and water quality for irrigation.

Anemometer: A device used to measure wind speed, which can impact the efficiency of sprinkler irrigation.

Annular Drain: A drainage system that encircles the root zone of trees to manage excess water and prevent root rot.

Annual Water Use: The total amount of water used for irrigation over a year, considering all zones and watering cycles.

Anti-Siphon Valve: A type of backflow preventer installed above ground to protect the water supply from contamination.

Applicator: A device or mechanism used to distribute water, fertilizers, or other substances onto the soil or plants.

Aquaponics: A system that combines aquaculture (fish farming) with hydroponics (growing plants in water) for sustainable agriculture.

Aqua Soil Moisture Sensor: A sensor that measures soil moisture levels to determine irrigation needs.

AquaGauge: A measuring device used to monitor and display real-time water usage and flow rates in an irrigation system.

Aquatic Herbicides: Chemicals used to control aquatic plants and algae in irrigation reservoirs or water bodies.

Aquifer: An underground layer of water-bearing rock or soil that supplies water to wells and can be a source of irrigation water.

Arc Adjustment: The process of altering the coverage area of a sprinkler head by adjusting the angle of its spray pattern.

B

Back Siphonage: The reverse flow of water in the irrigation system due to negative pressure, potentially contaminating the water supply.

Backflow Assembly: A device used to prevent the reverse flow of water, protecting the main water supply from contamination.

Backflow Preventer: A device that prevents the reverse flow of water, ensuring that irrigation water doesn’t contaminate the main water supply.

Backfilling: The process of refilling soil around newly installed irrigation components, such as pipes or valves.

Basin Irrigation: A traditional irrigation method where water is diverted into basins or small depressions around plants.

Basin Outlet: A drainage structure used to control the water level in an irrigation basin.

Base Scheduling: The minimum amount of water required for plant survival, used as a basis for irrigation scheduling.

Bed Irrigation: A form of drip irrigation where water is delivered to plants through tubes laid on the soil surface.

Bedding Plant: A small ornamental plant grown in a nursery and later transplanted into landscape beds or gardens.

Berm: A small, raised ridge of soil or compacted material used to prevent water runoff and facilitate water absorption.

Biodegradable Mulch: Organic mulch materials that break down naturally over time, adding nutrients to the soil.

Biomass Water Potential: The capacity of a plant to absorb and retain water, impacting irrigation needs.

Borewell: A narrow, deep hole drilled into the ground to access groundwater for irrigation purposes.

Border Irrigation: A method of surface irrigation where water is applied along the edges of rectangular fields.

Brass Fitting: A metal fitting made of brass used to connect irrigation components.

Broadcast Irrigation: A method of irrigation where water is distributed over the entire soil surface, similar to rainfall.

Bubble Emitter: A type of drip irrigation emitter that releases water in small, controlled bubbles directly to the soil.

Bubbler: A low-flow irrigation device that releases water slowly, usually used for individual plants or small areas.

Bubbler Stake: A stake with a built-in bubbler used to provide water directly to individual plants or trees.

Bulkhead Fitting: A fitting used to create a watertight seal through a container or tank wall for irrigation systems.

C

Cadmium Sulphide Cell: A light-sensitive device used in some irrigation controllers to measure ambient light for activating or deactivating the system.

Canopy: The uppermost layer of a plant’s foliage, which can influence water distribution and evaporation rates in the irrigation process.

Catchment Basin: A reservoir or area designed to collect and retain rainwater or runoff for later use in irrigation.

Center Pivot Irrigation: A method of irrigation where a rotating sprinkler system pivots around a central point, covering a circular area.

Check Valve: A valve that allows water to flow in one direction only, preventing backflow in the irrigation system.

Climate-Based Irrigation Controller: An intelligent irrigation controller that adjusts watering schedules based on local weather conditions and plant needs.

Coefficient of Uniformity (CU): A measure of the evenness of water distribution across an irrigated area, indicating system efficiency.

Cold Water Irrigation: Irrigation using cold or cool water to prevent stress on plants during hot weather or periods of drought.

Collector Well: A type of well that draws water from an aquifer or underground source for irrigation.

Consumptive Use: The amount of water used by plants through evapotranspiration, which guides irrigation scheduling.

Controller/Timer: The central unit that schedules and automates the irrigation system, determining when and how long the water should be applied.

Crop Coefficient (Kc): A factor used to adjust irrigation schedules based on the water needs of specific crops.

Crop Water Requirement: The amount of water needed by a crop to achieve optimal growth and yield.

Cross-Connection: An undesirable connection between a potable water system and an irrigation system that can lead to contamination.

Cupped Nozzle: A type of sprinkler nozzle with a cup-like shape that provides a gentle rain-like spray pattern.

Cut-Off Device: A device or feature in an irrigation system that automatically shuts off water flow when a specific condition is met, such as excessive flow or pressure.

Cut-Off Rainfall: The amount of natural rainfall that, when received, suspends irrigation until the next scheduled cycle.

Cycle and Soak Irrigation: A method of watering that applies water in multiple short cycles with intervals for better absorption and reduced runoff.

Cycles per Week: The number of irrigation cycles an irrigation controller can perform within a week.

Cylindrical Wetting Pattern: The shape of the water distribution pattern produced by certain sprinkler types, resembling a cylinder.

D

Deadhead: The process of removing spent flowers from plants to encourage new growth and prevent seed production.

Deficit Irrigation: A controlled water deficit approach, intentionally providing less water to plants to promote certain growth characteristics.

Deflector: A component of a sprinkler that redirects the water flow to achieve specific spray patterns.

Density of Planting: The spacing and arrangement of plants in a given area, influencing irrigation requirements and water distribution.

Desalination: The process of removing salts and minerals from water to make it suitable for irrigation.

Diaphragm: A flexible material that moves in response to water pressure changes, controlling the flow of water in some irrigation valves.

Dickey-John: A brand name often used to refer to soil moisture sensors used for precision irrigation management.

Distribution Uniformity (DU): A measurement of how evenly water is applied across a designated area by an irrigation system.

Diverter Valve: A valve that diverts water flow from one pipeline to another in an irrigation system.

Drip Irrigation: A method of irrigation that delivers water directly to the base of plants through a network of tubes, pipes, or hoses with emitters or drippers.

Drought Resistance: The ability of plants to survive and maintain satisfactory growth under limited water availability.

Dual-Nozzle Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head with two nozzles that can cover different patterns or distances.

Dynamic Watering Schedule: An adaptive irrigation schedule that changes based on real-time weather and soil moisture data.

Duration: The length of time that a particular irrigation zone or cycle is active.

Duty Cycle: The proportion of time an irrigation system operates compared to its total cycle time.

Dwell Time: The amount of time that a specific irrigation zone or area is allowed to absorb water before moving to the next zone.

Dye Testing: A method of identifying leaks or issues in an irrigation system by adding colored dye to the water.

Dynamic Pressure: The fluctuating pressure within an irrigation system during operation.

Drought Monitor: A tool that assesses and maps drought conditions to aid in water resource management and irrigation planning.

E

Ebb and Flow System: A type of hydroponic irrigation system where water periodically floods the root zone and then drains away.

Effluent Water: Treated wastewater that can be used for irrigation to reduce the demand on freshwater sources.

Effluent Water Irrigation: The practice of using treated wastewater for agricultural and landscape irrigation.

Emitter: A small device in a drip irrigation system that controls the flow rate of water to individual plants.

Erosion Control: Techniques and practices implemented to prevent soil erosion caused by irrigation or other factors.

Evaporation: The process of water turning into vapor and rising into the atmosphere, affecting irrigation water requirements.

Evapotranspiration (ET): The combined process of water evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants, used to estimate irrigation water needs.

Evapotranspiration Rate: The rate at which water is lost through evapotranspiration from the soil and plants.

Excessive Flow Detection: A feature in irrigation systems that detects and alerts users to unusually high water flow, indicating possible leaks or malfunctions.

Expansion Joint: A flexible connector used in irrigation pipelines to accommodate movements caused by temperature changes or soil settlement.

Extended Run Time: The duration for which an irrigation zone operates beyond the normal cycle, often used during periods of extreme heat or drought.

External Pressure Regulator: A device installed outside the irrigation control valve to regulate water pressure before it enters the irrigation system.

Emitter Tubing: Flexible tubing with built-in emitters used in drip irrigation systems to deliver water directly to plants.

Effluent Drip Irrigation: A method of distributing treated wastewater directly to the root zones of plants through a drip irrigation system.

Edge Irrigation: A method of irrigating fields by applying water along the edges to create a moist band that moves toward the center.

Early Morning Irrigation: Watering plants during the early morning hours when temperatures are cooler, reducing water loss through evaporation.

Energy Dissipater: A structure or feature used to reduce the force and energy of flowing water in an irrigation system to prevent erosion.

Emitter Clogging: The blockage of emitters or drippers in a drip irrigation system due to sediment, algae, or mineral deposits.

Elevation Pressure: The change in water pressure due to variations in elevation within the irrigation system.

Electric Control Valve: An irrigation valve that is electronically controlled to open and close based on signals from the irrigation controller.

F

Fertigation: The process of applying fertilizers through an irrigation system, delivering nutrients directly to the plants’ roots.

Filtration System: A device or component that removes debris, sediment, and impurities from the water to prevent clogging of sprinkler heads and emitters.

Fixed Spray Nozzle: A type of sprinkler nozzle that produces a fixed pattern of water distribution.

Flow Control Valve: A valve used to regulate the flow rate of water in an irrigation system.

Flow Rate: The volume of water delivered by an irrigation system, typically measured in gallons per minute (GPM) or liters per hour (LPH).

Foot Valve: A one-way valve placed at the end of a suction line to prevent water from flowing back into the water source.

Frost Protection: Measures taken to prevent damage to plants and crops caused by freezing temperatures, often involving irrigation.

Furrow Irrigation: A method of irrigation where water is delivered in small channels or furrows between rows of crops.

Flush Valve: A valve used to remove sediment and debris from irrigation lines and prevent clogging.

Flush Cycle: A short burst of water used to clean and clear the irrigation system of debris.

Fill Cycle: The period of time taken to fill an irrigation system or container with water.

Fertilizer Injector: A device that injects fertilizers into an irrigation system to deliver nutrients to plants.

Flume: A structure or channel used to measure the flow of water in an irrigation system.

Flow Sensor: A device that measures the flow rate of water in an irrigation system and sends data to the controller for monitoring and control.

Fertilizer Spread Pattern: The area covered by fertilizers applied by a spreader or irrigation system.

Field Capacity: The maximum amount of water the soil can hold against gravity, used to determine irrigation needs.

Floating Pump: A pump placed on a floating platform that draws water from a water source for irrigation.

Fallow Period: A period during which a field or area is left unplanted and unirrigated to restore soil fertility.

Frost Sensor: A device that detects freezing temperatures and triggers the irrigation system to prevent frost damage.

Full Circle Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head that rotates 360 degrees, covering a full circle area with water distribution.

G

Gallons per Hour (GPH): A unit of measurement used to express the flow rate of water in a drip irrigation system.

Gated Pipe: A type of irrigation pipe with adjustable gates or valves to control water flow and distribution.

Greenhouse Irrigation: Irrigation systems specifically designed for controlled environments in greenhouse settings.

Gravity Irrigation: A simple form of irrigation that relies on the natural flow of water due to gravity.

Groundwater: Water found beneath the Earth’s surface, often used as a water source for irrigation.

GPM per square foot: A measurement expressing the amount of water applied per square foot in a given time (Gallons per Minute per square foot).

Grasscycling: The practice of leaving grass clippings on the lawn after mowing, providing natural nutrients and moisture.

Gravel Pit Irrigation: A method of using water collected in a gravel pit or pond for irrigation.

Groove Irrigation: A method of irrigation where small channels or grooves are made in the soil to direct water to plants.

Grass Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler designed to water lawns and grassy areas effectively.

Gravitational Water: Water that drains through the soil due to gravity, becoming unavailable to plant roots.

Gradient: The slope or incline of a surface that affects water movement and distribution.

Gravel Filter: A type of filter used to remove sediment and particles from water before it enters an irrigation system.

Garden Hose: A flexible hose used for manual watering or connecting to sprinklers.

Ground Cover: Low-growing plants used to cover the soil, reducing evaporation and weed growth.

Green Roof Irrigation: Irrigation systems designed for vegetated rooftops or green roofs.

Growth Regulator: Chemical substances used to control plant growth and water usage in certain irrigation practices.

Graded Borders: Leveled areas or borders used to retain water for irrigation purposes.

Gravitational Potential Energy: The energy stored in water due to its elevation, affecting water pressure in an irrigation system.

GPM per Plant: The flow rate of water applied to individual plants in a drip irrigation system, measured in gallons per minute.

H

Hydration: The act of providing water to plants to maintain their health and prevent dehydration.

High-Efficiency Nozzle: A type of sprinkler nozzle that maximizes water efficiency by producing larger droplets that are less prone to wind drift.

Hygroscopic Water: The water retained by soil particles through molecular attraction, unavailable to plants.

Hydrozone: A grouping of plants with similar water requirements, allowing for more efficient irrigation planning.

Horizontal Boring: A method of installing irrigation pipes underground without disturbing the surface.

Hydroponics: A method of growing plants without soil, using a nutrient-rich water solution.

Hydraulic Valve: An irrigation valve operated by water pressure rather than electric solenoids.

Hydraulics: The study of water flow and pressure in irrigation systems.

Head-to-Head Coverage: A term used to describe the overlapping spray patterns of adjacent sprinkler heads.

Hand Watering: The process of manually watering plants using a hose, watering can, or similar device.

High-Pressure System: An irrigation system designed to operate with higher water pressure, suitable for larger areas or specific sprinkler types.

Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest, influencing water flow in an irrigation system.

Half-Circle Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head that rotates 180 degrees, covering a half-circle area with water distribution.

Hose Bib: An outdoor faucet or valve used for connecting hoses to a water supply.

Head-to-Head Spacing: The distance between sprinkler heads in an irrigation system to achieve uniform water coverage.

Hydrogel: A water-absorbing polymer used in some irrigation applications to retain moisture in the soil.

Hardness of Water: The concentration of minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium, in water, which can affect irrigation efficiency.

Hydroseeding: A method of seeding and applying a mixture of seeds, mulch, and water to establish vegetation.

Humectant: A substance added to soil or irrigation water to improve water retention and reduce water loss.

Hardscaping: Non-living elements in a landscape, such as pathways, rocks, and structures, which affect water runoff and irrigation planning.

I

Irrigation: The process of applying controlled amounts of water to plants, crops, or landscapes to assist with their growth and maintenance.

In-Ground Sprinkler System: An irrigation system where the sprinkler heads are installed underground and pop up when activated.

Infiltration: The process of water penetrating the soil and being absorbed by plant roots.

Irrigation Controller: A device used to automate and manage the scheduling and operation of an irrigation system.

Impact Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head that releases water through a swinging arm, producing a pulsating water stream.

Irrigation Efficiency: The measure of how well an irrigation system delivers water to the target area without waste.

Inline Dripper: A type of emitter installed directly into the irrigation tubing, delivering water to the plants.

Irrigation Schedule: A pre-determined plan specifying when and how long each irrigation zone should be activated.

Inflow Rate: The rate at which water enters an irrigation system, often measured in gallons per minute (GPM) or liters per second (L/s).

Irrigation Uniformity: The consistency of water distribution across an irrigated area.

Injector: A device that introduces chemicals or fertilizers into the irrigation water stream.

Inundation Irrigation: A method of irrigating fields by flooding the entire area with water.

Irrigation Audit: An evaluation of an irrigation system’s performance to identify inefficiencies and areas for improvement.

Inverted Rotor Sprinkler: A type of rotor sprinkler that retracts below ground level when not in use.

Irrigation Season: The period when an irrigation system is actively used to water plants or crops.

Irrigation Water Management: The practice of efficiently using and conserving water in irrigation systems.

Isolation Valve: A valve used to shut off the water supply to a specific section or zone of the irrigation system.

Irrigation Design: The planning and layout of an irrigation system to ensure optimal water distribution and efficiency.

Irrigation Runoff: Excess water that flows off the soil surface during irrigation, potentially leading to water wastage.

Irrigation Monitoring: The process of regularly checking and assessing an irrigation system’s performance to ensure it operates as intended.

J

Jet Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler that produces a focused stream of water, often used for spot watering.

Joule Thief Valve: A valve used in low-pressure irrigation systems to boost water pressure and improve water distribution.

Jet Nozzle: A type of nozzle that ejects water in a high-velocity jet stream for specific irrigation applications.

Jumper Wire: A short wire used to connect two electrical terminals in an irrigation controller or valve box.

Joiner: A connector used to join or link irrigation pipes, tubes, or hoses together.

Jack Hammer: A tool used to dig holes or break hard soil or compacted surfaces during irrigation system installation.

Joint Sealing: The process of ensuring watertight connections between pipes and fittings in an irrigation system.

Jerkiness: A term used to describe uneven water distribution or irregular movement of a sprinkler head.

Jumper Valve: A valve used to bypass or redirect water flow within an irrigation system.

Job Site: The specific location where an irrigation system is being installed or serviced.

J-Box: An enclosure used to protect and house electrical connections and wires in an irrigation system.

Joint Tape: A tape used to create a watertight seal between irrigation pipes or fittings.

Jumper: A short length of pipe used to bridge the gap between two pipes in an irrigation system.

Journal Bearing: A type of bearing used in irrigation pumps and other equipment to reduce friction.

Jet Agitation: The use of high-velocity water jets to mix and agitate chemicals or fertilizers in an irrigation tank.

Joint: The point where two pipes or tubes are connected in an irrigation system.

Jet Dye: A substance used in irrigation water to detect leaks or measure water distribution uniformity.

Joint Compound: A sealing material applied to threaded connections to prevent leaks in an irrigation system.

Job Safety Analysis (JSA): A systematic assessment of potential safety hazards and risks in an irrigation project.

Junction Box: An electrical box used for housing wire connections and electrical components in an irrigation system.

K

Kink: A sharp bend or twist in a hose or pipe that restricts water flow.

Kc (Crop Coefficient): A factor used to adjust the evapotranspiration rate based on the specific water needs of different plant types.

Kilowatt-Hour (kWh): A unit of energy measurement used to quantify power consumption in irrigation pumps.

Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by moving water in an irrigation system, impacting its distribution and pressure.

Kiosk: A freestanding, weather-resistant structure housing irrigation controllers or other equipment. (AKA pedestal)

Knife Gate Valve: A type of valve used in irrigation systems to regulate water flow and isolate pipelines.

Kinetic Water Ram: A tool used to clear clogged irrigation pipes or drain lines with a burst of compressed air.

Koi Pond Filter: A filtration system used to clean water in a koi pond, which may be connected to an irrigation system.

Key Valve: A valve with a unique key shape that controls water flow, commonly used in irrigation systems.

Kinetic Water Ram: A tool used to clear clogged irrigation pipes or drain lines with a burst of compressed air.

Kerb Stop Valve: A valve used to shut off water supply to a specific irrigation line, typically installed on curbs or sidewalks.

Kink-Free Hose: A hose designed to resist kinking, ensuring smooth water flow without interruptions.

Kinematic Viscosity: A measure of fluid resistance to flow, influencing the behavior of water in irrigation systems.

Kraal Manure Irrigation: A traditional irrigation method where kraal (livestock enclosure) manure is used as fertilizer for crops.

L

Low-Pressure System: An irrigation system designed to operate with lower water pressure, suitable for areas with limited water supply.

Low-Flow Irrigation: A water-efficient method of irrigation that delivers small amounts of water to plants, reducing waste.

Leaching: The process of flushing out excess salts and nutrients from the soil through irrigation, preventing soil salinity buildup.

Lawn Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler designed to water lawns and turfed areas efficiently.

Leaching Fraction: The proportion of irrigation water that passes through the root zone, carrying away dissolved salts.

Lateral Line: A small-diameter pipe or tubing that delivers water from the mainline to the sprinkler heads.

Low-Volume Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler that applies water at a lower rate than conventional sprinklers, minimizing runoff.

Land Grading: The process of shaping the landscape to ensure proper water distribution during irrigation.

Landscape Irrigation: The irrigation of gardens, lawns, and ornamental landscapes to maintain plant health.

Leaky Pipe Irrigation: A method of irrigation using porous pipes that release water slowly along their length.

Lawn Irrigation System: An automated system designed to water lawns and landscapes at predetermined intervals.

Lateral Move System: An irrigation system where the sprinklers move laterally along a linear path, irrigating the adjacent area.

Localized Irrigation: A type of irrigation that targets water delivery directly to plant root zones, minimizing water loss.

Liquid Fertilizer Injector: A device used to inject liquid fertilizers into an irrigation system for efficient nutrient delivery.

Leaf Sensor: A device that measures the moisture level on plant leaves to control irrigation based on plant needs.

Large Turf Rotor: A type of rotor sprinkler designed to cover large areas with uniform water distribution.

Landscape Drip Irrigation: A drip irrigation system designed specifically for landscape plants, trees, and shrubs.

Laser Leveling: The use of laser technology to level the land for precise irrigation and efficient water distribution.

Lateral Spacing: The distance between lateral lines in an irrigation system, determining the coverage area.

Liquid Fertilizer Tank: A container used to store liquid fertilizers before injection into the irrigation system.

M

Micro-Irrigation: A category of irrigation systems that includes drip irrigation and micro-sprinklers, delivering water directly to plant roots with minimal waste.

Moisture Sensor: A device used to measure soil moisture levels and provide data for efficient irrigation scheduling.

Mainline: The primary pipeline in an irrigation system that distributes water to different sections or zones.

Micro-Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler that releases water in a fine spray, suitable for small garden areas or potted plants.

Mulching: The practice of covering the soil surface with organic or synthetic material to retain moisture and suppress weed growth.

Microtube: A small-diameter tube used to distribute water in micro-irrigation systems.

Mist Nozzle: A type of nozzle that produces a fine mist, suitable for greenhouse and delicate plant irrigation.

Manual Irrigation: The process of hand-watering plants without an automated system.

Monitoring Well: A well used to measure the water level in an aquifer or monitor groundwater levels.

Moisture Holding Capacity: The ability of soil to retain water for plant use.

Manifold: A fitting that connects multiple lateral lines to a mainline in an irrigation system.

Multi-Stream Nozzle: A nozzle that produces multiple streams of water, providing better coverage for larger areas.

Motorized Valve: An automated valve that opens and closes based on signals from the irrigation controller.

Microclimate: The climate conditions within a small, localized area that may affect irrigation needs.

Mist Irrigation: A method of irrigation that applies water as a fine mist, suitable for delicate plants and seedlings.

Mini-Sprinkler: A compact sprinkler used for irrigating small garden areas.

Master Valve: A valve installed at the mainline’s beginning to shut off water flow to the entire irrigation system.

Mid-Elevation Spray: A type of sprinkler spray pattern designed for even water distribution across a medium-sized area.

Mobile Irrigation System: A movable irrigation system, typically used in agricultural applications.

Measuring Cup: A container used to accurately measure and apply specific quantities of fertilizers or chemicals during irrigation.

N

Nozzle: The small opening in a sprinkler head that releases water in a specific pattern and direction.

Netafim: A well-known brand that specializes in drip irrigation products and technology.

Non-Potable Water: Water not suitable for drinking but safe for other uses like irrigation and cleaning.

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT): A hydroponic irrigation method where a thin film of nutrient-rich water flows over plant roots.

NPK Fertilizer: A type of fertilizer containing essential nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).

Native Plant Landscaping: A landscape design that features plants indigenous to the local area, often requiring less water and maintenance.

Nozzle Flow Rate: The rate at which water is discharged from a sprinkler nozzle, usually measured in gallons per minute (GPM).

Nutrient Delivery System: A system that delivers nutrients to plants through irrigation water, commonly used in hydroponics.

Non-Leaching Fertilizer: A fertilizer that does not easily wash away from the soil with irrigation or rainfall.

Net Irrigation Requirement: The amount of water required to replenish the moisture deficit in the soil caused by evapotranspiration.

Non-Irrigated Area: A portion of land in a landscape that does not receive direct irrigation.

Nozzle Type: The specific design and characteristics of a sprinkler head’s nozzle, determining the spray pattern and reach.

Nighttime Irrigation: Watering plants during the cooler nighttime hours to minimize water loss from evaporation.

Non-Uniformity: A measure of how evenly water is distributed across an irrigated area.

Nitrates: A form of nitrogen found in soil and water that is essential for plant growth.

Nursery Irrigation: Irrigation systems designed specifically for nurseries to water and nurture plants in pots or containers.

Negative Pressure: A pressure condition in the irrigation system that can cause water to be drawn back, potentially contaminating the water supply.

Nodal Root: A type of root that emerges from the stem or nodes of a plant, contributing to stability and water uptake.

No-Dig Irrigation: A method of installing irrigation systems without disturbing the soil’s surface.

No Runoff: An irrigation system designed to apply water efficiently without excessive runoff.

O

Overhead Irrigation: A method of watering where water is sprayed over plants from above, simulating natural rainfall.

Oscillating Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler that moves back and forth to cover a rectangular area with water.

Outlet: A connection point in an irrigation system from which water is released.

Olla: A traditional clay pot used for subsurface irrigation by burying it near plant roots.

Organic Farming: A method of agriculture that avoids synthetic chemicals and emphasizes natural methods, including irrigation practices.

Osmosis: The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Overwatering: Applying more water than necessary, leading to water wastage and potential harm to plants.

Observation Well: A well used to monitor groundwater levels and quality.

On-Surface Irrigation: A method of irrigation where water is applied directly on the soil surface.

O-Ring: A rubber or silicone ring used to create a watertight seal in irrigation fittings.

Off-Peak Watering: Watering plants during off-peak hours to take advantage of lower water demand and rates.

Organic Matter Content: The percentage of organic material in the soil, affecting its water-holding capacity and drainage.

Overhead Sprinkler System: An irrigation system where sprinkler heads are installed above the ground to distribute water.

Outlet Pressure: The pressure at which water is released from an irrigation system outlet.

Overwintering: The process of protecting plants from winter frost and cold conditions, which may involve modifying irrigation practices.

Open-Ended Mainline: A mainline pipe without any valves, allowing water to flow freely.

Operating Pressure: The pressure at which an irrigation system is designed to function optimally.

Operation Manual: A document that provides instructions for the setup, maintenance, and operation of an irrigation system.

One-Way Valve: A valve that allows water to flow in one direction only, preventing backflow in an irrigation system.

Overflow: The excess water that spills over the edges of a container, often referring to excessive water in a reservoir or irrigation channel.

P

Pop-Up Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head that retracts into the ground when not in use, minimizing tripping hazards and maintaining a tidy appearance.

Pressure Regulator: A device used to maintain consistent water pressure within the irrigation system, preventing damage to the components.

Percolation: The movement of water through the soil layers, impacting the availability of water for plant roots.

Point Source Emitter: A type of emitter that releases water from a specific point, providing targeted irrigation to individual plants.

Pressure Loss: A decrease in water pressure due to friction or elevation changes in the irrigation system.

Polyethylene Tubing: A flexible plastic tubing commonly used in drip irrigation systems.

Pivot Irrigation: A method of crop irrigation using a rotating sprinkler system mounted on wheeled towers.

Potable Water: Water suitable for human consumption, not typically used for irrigation.

Pressure Compensating Emitter: A type of emitter that maintains a consistent flow rate regardless of pressure fluctuations.

Pipe Cutter: A tool used to cut irrigation pipes to the desired length.

Pulsating Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler that releases water in bursts, resembling the action of natural rain.

Pressure Relief Valve: A safety valve that opens to release excess pressure from the irrigation system.

Porous Soaker Hose: A hose with tiny pores or perforations that allows water to seep out along its length for efficient watering.

Permeable Pipe: A type of irrigation pipe designed to allow water to seep through its walls and irrigate the surrounding soil.

Plastic Mulch: Thin sheets of plastic used to cover the soil surface for water conservation and weed control.

Perennial Plant: A plant that lives for multiple growing seasons and requires ongoing irrigation and care.

Pivoting Sprinkler Head: A type of sprinkler head that can be adjusted to water a specific area or moved to cover a different section of the landscape.

Pressure Gauge: A device used to measure water pressure in the irrigation system.

Polypropylene Filter: A type of filter used to remove debris and particles from irrigation water.

Point Source Irrigation: A method of irrigation that applies water directly to individual plants’ root zones.

Q

Quick Coupling Valve: A valve that allows for easy and quick connection and disconnection of hoses or pipes in the irrigation system.

Quarter Circle Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head that covers a 90-degree area with water distribution.

Quantity of Water: The volume of water delivered by an irrigation system, often measured in gallons or liters.

Quality of Water: The suitability of water for irrigation, which can be affected by factors like salinity and contamination.

Quad Spray Nozzle: A type of nozzle that releases water in four directions, providing efficient water distribution for square or rectangular areas.

R

Rain Sensor: A device that detects rainfall and prevents the irrigation system from operating during or after rain.

Rotor Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head that rotates to cover a larger area with water distribution.

Run Time: The duration for which an irrigation zone operates, controlling the amount of water applied.

Root Zone: The region of the soil where plant roots actively grow and absorb water and nutrients.

Rainwater Harvesting: The collection and storage of rainwater for future irrigation use.

Rain Bird: A well-known brand that manufactures irrigation products, including sprinkler heads and controllers.

Reclaimed Water: Treated wastewater that is safe for non-potable uses, including landscape irrigation.

Runoff: Excess water that flows off the soil surface when the soil cannot absorb it quickly enough, leading to water wastage.

Rain Gauge: A device used to measure the amount of rainfall received in a specific area.

Rain Curtain: The pattern of water distribution created by certain sprinkler heads, resembling a “curtain” of rain.

Remote Control Irrigation: The ability to operate and adjust an irrigation system from a distance using electronic devices.

Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI): A water-saving irrigation technique that intentionally applies less water than the crop’s full requirements during specific growth stages.

Rooting Depth: The depth to which plant roots grow in the soil, influencing irrigation practices.

Rainwater Tank: A container used to store rainwater collected from roofs or other surfaces for irrigation purposes.

Runoff Rate: The rate at which water flows off a surface, affecting irrigation efficiency.

Reclaimed Water Use Guidelines: Regulations and guidelines governing the safe and appropriate use of reclaimed water for irrigation.

Rainwater Collection System: A setup that gathers and stores rainwater from rooftops or surfaces for irrigation needs.

Riser: A vertical pipe used to elevate sprinkler heads above the ground for better water distribution.

Run-Dry Protection: A feature in some irrigation pumps that automatically shuts off the pump when it runs out of water.

Root Zone Watering: A method of irrigating plants directly at their root zones, reducing water waste.

S

Sprinkler: A device used to distribute water in a controlled manner over a designated area.

Sprinkler System: A complete setup of pipes, valves, and sprinkler heads used to distribute water for irrigation purposes.

Spray Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler head that emits water in a fixed pattern, typically in a fan shape.

Soaker Hose: A porous hose that allows water to seep through its walls, delivering water directly to the soil surface.

Solenoid Valve: An electrically controlled valve that opens and closes based on signals from the irrigation controller.

Surface Irrigation: A method of irrigation where water is applied directly to the soil surface.

Smart Irrigation Controller: An advanced irrigation controller that uses weather data and sensors to optimize watering schedules.

Subsurface Irrigation: A method of delivering water directly to plant roots below the soil surface.

Slope: The incline of the land, which can impact water distribution and irrigation efficiency.

Scheduling: Setting up specific times and durations for irrigation to optimize water use.

Surge Flow Irrigation: A technique that applies water in on-off cycles to reduce soil erosion and improve water penetration.

Seasonal Adjustment: Modifying the irrigation schedule based on seasonal changes in weather and plant needs.

Suction Hose: A hose used to draw water from a water source to an irrigation pump.

Soil Moisture Sensor: A device that measures soil moisture levels to determine when irrigation is needed.

Sprinkler Head: The top part of a sprinkler that disperses water over the desired area.

Subirrigation: A method of irrigation where water is delivered below the soil surface through capillary action.

Sprinkler Nozzle: The part of a sprinkler head that controls the water spray pattern and distance.

Surge Valve: A valve used to control the flow of water in surge flow irrigation systems.

Surface Tension: The cohesive property of water molecules that allows them to stick together on a surface.

Seedling Irrigation: The careful watering of young plants to promote healthy growth.

T

Timer/Controller: The central unit that schedules and automates the irrigation system, determining when and how long the water should be applied.

Turf Sprinkler: A type of sprinkler designed to water lawns and turfed areas efficiently.

Tailwater: Water that runs off the field after irrigation, which can be collected and reused for irrigation.

Tensiometer: A device used to measure soil moisture tension, indicating when irrigation is needed.

Trickle Irrigation: A method of irrigation that delivers water slowly and directly to the root zone of plants.

Transpiration: The process by which water is released from plants into the atmosphere through tiny openings (stomata) in their leaves.

Turfgrass: Grass species used for lawns and sports fields, requiring specific irrigation practices.

Trenching: The process of digging trenches to install irrigation pipes or wires underground.

Topography: The physical features and elevation of the land, affecting irrigation planning.

Throttle Valve: A valve used to control water flow and pressure in an irrigation system.

Total Dynamic Head (TDH): The total resistance to water flow in an irrigation system, including friction and elevation changes.

Threshold Deficit: The minimum soil moisture level below which irrigation must occur to avoid crop stress.

Tilt Sensor: A device that detects changes in slope or position, useful for monitoring the levelness of irrigation systems.

Total Evapotranspiration (ET): The combined water loss from evaporation and transpiration of plants.

Tertiary Filtration: The third level of filtration in an irrigation system, removing smaller particles from the water.

Traveling Irrigation System: A mobile irrigation setup that moves along the field to water crops.

Tailwater Recovery System: A system that collects and stores tailwater for reuse in irrigation.

Tidal Irrigation: A traditional irrigation method that uses tidal movements to flood and drain fields.

Test Valve: A valve used for testing and flushing irrigation systems to check for clogs or issues.

Turfgrass Watering Schedule: A pre-determined plan specifying when and how long to water lawns and turf areas.

U

Underground Irrigation: An irrigation system where pipes and sprinkler heads are installed below the ground surface.

Uniformity Coefficient: A numerical value representing the uniformity of water distribution across an irrigated area.

Ultraviolet (UV) Resistance: The ability of irrigation components to withstand damage from UV rays, commonly found in outdoor environments.

User Interface: The graphical or interactive system through which users can control and program irrigation controllers.

Uniformity Test: A procedure to assess the evenness of water distribution across an irrigated area, often using catch cups.

Under-Tree Irrigation: A method of watering trees using subsurface irrigation or specially designed emitters.

Urban Irrigation: Irrigation practices and systems tailored for landscapes and green spaces in urban areas.

Unmetered Water: Water from a non-measured source, such as private wells or non-metered irrigation districts.

Underground Sprinkler System: An irrigation system where the sprinkler heads are installed underground and pop up when activated.

Upland Irrigation: The irrigation of elevated or sloping areas that require specialized water management techniques.

V